Труды Кубанского государственного аграрного университета


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2020, № 85

UDC: 633.12:631.524.5:631.52
GSNTI: 68.35.03

Species and varietal characteristics of the fruit formation and seed production in plants of buckwheat

The article presents the results of long-term research on the formation of morphoanatomic and physiological characteristics and properties of seeds in buckwheat varieties of different periods of selection in order to identify priority ways to improve the efficiency of fruit formation in culture plants. Studies have confirmed that buckwheat plants have a high reproductive potential, which even in favorable growing conditions is realized on average only by 20,0%. It is shown that as a result of selection in buckwheat seeds, not only the amount of spare substances, but also the capacity of the embryo development has significantly increased. Thus, according to the anatomical analysis, the seeds of modern varieties in comparison with ancestral forms (wild species and local populations) increased on average: the cross - section area by 48,4%, the area of the endosperm - by 40,4%, the area of the embryo-by 68,5%. The embryo became both longer (on average by 35,6%) and thicker (on average by 25,0%). It was found that in the process of cultivation of buckwheat yield growth was achieved mainly due to the enlargement of seeds and to a lesser extent their number. During the transition from wild forms to local populations and the first selection varieties, the mass of 1000 seeds increased in buckwheat plants by an average of 2,4 times, and the number of seeds by 1,3 times. The importance of increasing the duration and stability of the active functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus during the formation of seeds for increasing the productivity of fruit formation is noted, taking into account the physiological role of the trait in the adaptive and productive process of plants.
Keywords: Breeding, buckwheat, variety, crop structure elements, seed productivity, anatomy of a seed.
DOI: 10.21515/1999-1703-85-260-265

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Authors:

  1. Fesenko Alexey Nikolaevich, DSc in Biology, head of the laboratory of selection of cereals, Federal state budgetary scientific institution “Federal scientific center of legumes and groat crops”.
  2. Amelin Alexander Vasilyevich, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, head; CCU "Genetic resources of plants and their use", Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin".
  3. Zaikin Valeriy Vasilyevich, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Junior researcher; CCU "Genetic resources of plants and their use", Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin".
  4. Chekalin Evgeniy Ivanovich, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, senior researcher; CCU "Genetic resources of plants and their use", Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin".